[1] ZHANG Kaihua, LI Zhao, CHEN Zhiying, WU Xiaohu, et al. Lithography-free TiO2/HfO2/Cr/Ge/Mo multilayer for high-temperature infrared camouflage and heat dissipation [J]. Journal of Southeast University (English Edition), 2026, 42 (1): 131-137. [doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-7985.2026.01.013]

Copy

Lithography-free TiO₂/HfO₂/Cr/Ge/Mo multilayer for high-temperature infrared camouflage and heat dissipation()

可用于高温红外隐身和散热的无光刻TiO₂/HfO₂/Cr/Ge/Mo多层膜

Journal of Southeast University (English Edition)[ISSN:1003-7985/CN:32-1325/N]

Volumn:

42

Issue:

2026 1

Page:

131-137

Research Field:

Electronic Science and Engineering

Publishing date:

2026-03-20

Info

Title:

Lithography-free TiO₂/HfO₂/Cr/Ge/Mo multilayer for high-temperature infrared camouflage and heat dissipation

可用于高温红外隐身和散热的无光刻TiO₂/HfO₂/Cr/Ge/Mo多层膜

Author(s):

ZHANG Kaihua^1,2, LI Zhao^1,2, CHEN Zhiying^1,2, WU Xiaohu³

1.School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
2.Henan Key Laboratory of Infrared Spectrum Measures and Applications, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
3.Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology, Jinan 250100, China

张凯华^1,2, 李钊^1,2, 陈志营^1,2, 吴小虎³

1.河南师范大学物理学院, 新乡 453007
2.河南师范大学河南省红外光谱测量与应用重点实验室, 新乡 453007
3.山东高等技术研究院, 济南 250100

Keywords:

infrared camouflage;  selective emitter;  radiative heat dissipation;  thermal management

红外隐身;  选择性发射器;  辐射散热;  热管理

PACS:

TN219

DOI:

10.3969/j.issn.1003-7985.2026.01.013

Abstract:

To enhance the heat-dissipation capacity of infrared (IR) stealth structures in high-temperature environments, a selective heat emitter with multi-band thermal management is fabricated. This emitter comprises a high- temperature-resistant titanium dioxide (TiO₂)/hafnium dioxide (HfO₂)/Cr/Ge/Mo multi-film-layer structure. Additionally, the thickness of each layer is determined by the transfer-matrix algorithm. The emissivity of the structure across the IR band is simulated, and its electric field distributions are analyzed across different wavelengths. The stealth-and heat-dissipation bands of the structure are calculated to confirm its overall stealth and heat-dissipation capabilities. The results reveal that the average emissivities of the fabricated TiO₂/HfO₂/Cr/Ge/Mo multi-film-layer structure decrease to 0.21 and 0.27 within 3-5 and 8-14 µm atmospheric window bands, respectively, achieving the IR concealment effect. Conversely, the average emissivities of the structure increase to 0.56 and 0.80 within the 2.5-3 and 5-8 µm non-atmospheric window (NAW) bands, respectively. These high-emissivity bands enhance radiative heat dissipation to reduce heat accumulation and further weaken the detection and characterization of thermal signals. The simulated thermal images confirm the IR-stealth effect of the structure within a wide temperature range. Moreover, its efficient NAW heat-dissipation capability improves its operating life in high-temperature environments.

为提高红外隐身结构在高温环境的散热能力,制作了一种具有多波段热管理的选择性热发射器,由TiO₂/HfO₂/Cr/Ge/Mo多膜层结构组成。基于耐高温材料对该结构进行设计,通过传输矩阵算法来确定结构各层厚度。模拟了结构在红外波段的发射率,并分析了其在不同波长处的电场分布。通过计算隐身波段和散热波段的发射率,分析结构的隐身和散热能力。结果表明:该结构在大气窗口区3~5和8~14 μm波段的平均发射率可分别降至0.21和0.27,达到红外隐蔽的效果;在非大气窗口区2.5~3和5~8 μm波段的平均发射率则分别提升至0.56和0.80,高发射率波段可以增强辐射散热的能力,减小热量的积累,从而进一步减弱热信号的探测表征。由模拟的热图像可知,该结构在较宽的温度范围内呈现出红外隐身效果,高效的散热能力能够提高结构在高温环境工作的潜力。

References:

[1]YANG J J, ZHANG X F, ZHANG X, et al. Beyond the visible: Bioinspired infrared adaptive materials[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(14): 2004754.
[2]CHEN Z Y, ZHANG K H, YU K, et al. Infrared camouflage based on In₃SbTe₂ for dynamic thermal management[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2025, 214: 109903.
[3]GIDDINGS S B. Hawking radiation, the Stefan- Boltzmann law, and unitarization[J]. Physics Letters B, 2016, 754: 39-42.
[4]XU G Q, KANG Q L, ZHANG X Z, et al. High- performance long-wavelength infrared switchable stealth based on In₃SbTe₂ metasurface[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2025, 207: 109392.
[5]ZHU H Z, LI Q, TAO C N, et al. Multispectral camouflage for infrared, visible, lasers and microwave with radiative cooling[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 1805.
[6]LI M Z, HUANG X Q, WU B Y, et al. Near-perfect spectrally selective emitter for infrared stealth and radiative cooling[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2025, 137(19): 195301.
[7]ZHOU Y, RATHER L J, YU K, et al. Research progress and recent advances in development and applications of infrared stealth materials: A comprehensive review[J]. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2024, 18(12): 2400530.
[8]FAN X C, LI S B, ZHANG W W, et al. Low infrared emissivity of a Ti₃AlC₂ MAX ceramic for high-temperature thermal camouflage[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2024, 44(10): 5503-5515.
[9]YU K, WANG Y Y, ZHANG W, et al. A planarized Mo/ZnS multilayer film for infrared stealth at high temperature[J]. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2023, 49: 103193.
[10]ZHAO M, ZHU H Z, QIN B, et al. High-temperature stealth across multi-infrared and microwave bands with efficient radiative thermal management[J]. Nano-Micro Letters, 2025, 17(1): 199.
[11]GUO J C, YIN J L, GAO D X, et al. Infrared emissivity behavior of doped CeO₂ at high temperature[J]. Ceramics International, 2024, 50(21): 42913-42921.
[12]ZHANG X L, GONG Y H, LI M, et al. Single-layer multifunctional metasurface for laser-infrared-microwave compatible stealth[J]. Optics Express, 2024, 32(5): 8069-8080.
[13]ZHANG C Y, ZHANG B F, GE S K, et al. Compatible metasurface for ultra-wideband radar and switchable infrared stealth[J]. Optics Express, 2024, 32(18): 31359-31374.
[14]CHENG Q, LI M, WU L J, et al. Design of a low-loss 1-bit transmissive reconfigurable intelligent surface based on phase modulation[J]. Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 2025, 55(4): 1182-1188. (in Chinese)
[15]YANG L L, QIN T, TU Y, et al. Simulation study on retinal imaging display based on meta-surface micro- nano structures[J]. Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 2024, 54(4): 990-996. (in Chinese)
[16]LIU H W, CHEN Q C, SUN M Q, et al. Photoinduced dynamically tunable terahertz metamaterial absorber [J]. Journal of Southeast University (English Edition), 2024, 40(2): 148-154.
[17]ZHENG S W, CHEN X Y, HUANG J L, et al. Optical transparent metamaterial emitter with multiband compatible camouflage based on femtosecond laser processing[J]. Nanophotonics, 2025, 14(5): 625-634.
[18]ZHOU Z P, LIU Y, LIU Y F, et al. Disk resonator metasurface emitter for infrared-laser compatible stealth with dual-band thermal management[J]. Optics Express, 2025, 33: 4790-4802.
[19]LI X K, LIU Y F, YU K, et al. A two-dimensional thin film structure with spectral selective emission capability suitable for high-temperature environments[J]. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2024, 63: 105261.
[20]XU G Q, KANG Q L, ZHANG X Z, et al. Inverse- design laser-infrared compatible stealth with thermal management enabled by wavelength-selective thermal emitter[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2024, 255: 124063.
[21]KISCHKAT J, PETERS S, GRUSKA B, et al. Mid- infrared optical properties of thin films of aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum nitride, and silicon nitride[J]. Applied Optics, 2012, 51(28): 6789-6798.
[22]FRANTA D, NEČAS D, OHLÍDAL I. Universal dispersion model for characterization of optical thin films over a wide spectral range: Application to hafnia[J]. Applied Optics, 2015, 54(31): 9108-9119.
[23]RAKIĆ A D, DJURIŠIĆ A B, ELAZAR J M, et al. Optical properties of metallic films for vertical-cavity optoelectronic devices[J]. Applied Optics, 1998, 37(22): 5271-5283.
[24]BURNETT J H, KAPLAN S G, STOVER E, et al. Refractive index measurements of Ge[C]//SPIE Optical Engineering and Applications. San Diego, CA, USA, 2016: 99740.
[25]KIRILLOVA M M, NOMEROVANNAYA L V and NOSKOV M M. Optical properties of molybdenum single crystals[J]. Soviet Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics,  1971, 33: 1210-1214.

Memo

Memo:

Received: 2025-08-21; Revised: 2025-10-30.
Biographies: ZHANG Kaihua (1988—), male, doctor, professor; WU Xiaohu(corresponding author), male, doctor, professor, wuxiaohu@ pku.org.cn.
Foundation items: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52106099), the Science and Technology Development Joint Fund of Henan province (No.225200810077).
Citation: ZHANG Kaihua, LI Zhao, CHEN Zhiying, et al. Lithography-free TiO₂/HfO₂/Cr/Ge/Mo multilayer for high-temperature infrared camouflage and heat dissipation[J]. Journal of Southeast University (English Edition), 2026, 42(1): 131-137. DOI: 10. 3969/j. issn. 1003-7985. 2026. 01. 013.

Common functions