[1] LI Shiqing, HU Mengyang, WANG Kangxu, HU Peng, et al. Research on the control effect of control rods on vortex-induced vibration of an upstream square cylinder [J]. Journal of Southeast University (English Edition), 2026, 42 (3): 351-365. [doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003-7985.2026.03.008]

Copy

Research on the control effect of control rods on vortex-induced vibration of an upstream square cylinder()

控制棒对上游方柱涡激振动控制效果的研究

Journal of Southeast University (English Edition)[ISSN:1003-7985/CN:32-1325/N]

Volumn:

42

Issue:

2026 3

Page:

351-365

Research Field:

Mathematics, Physics, Mechanics

Publishing date:

2026-09-06

Info

Title:

Research on the control effect of control rods on vortex-induced vibration of an upstream square cylinder

控制棒对上游方柱涡激振动控制效果的研究

Author(s):

LI Shiqing¹, HU Mengyang¹, WANG Kangxu¹, HU Peng¹, ZENG Lingwei²

1.School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
2.State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China

李石清¹, 胡孟阳¹, 王康旭¹, 胡朋¹, 曾令伟²

1.长沙理工大学土木与环境工程学院, 长沙 410114
2.吉林大学汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室, 长春 130025

Keywords:

square cylinder;  vortex-induced vibration;  control rod;  flow dynamics;  proper orthogonal decomposition;  numerical simulation

方柱;  涡激振动;  控制棒;  流场特性;  本征正交分解法;  数值模拟

PACS:

O358

DOI:

10.3969/j.issn.1003-7985.2026.03.008

Abstract:

Numerical simulations were used to explore how control rods affect the hydrodynamic forces and vortex-induced vibration (VIV) in a square cylinder. These control rods were placed close to the point of highest pulsating velocity in the cylinder’s wake. Systematic analysis was conducted using five control rods of different sizes and three different gap ratios, with the Reynolds number fixed at 100. Through time-domain and frequency-domain experiments, evaluation of the flow characteristics, and proper orthogonal decomposition analyses, the physics governing the behavior of a square cylinder with control rods was revealed. The results show that the arrangement of the control rods significantly alters the VIV response of the square cylinder, where effective control depends on the size and gap ratio of the rods. Using the optimal control parameters, the maximum reduction in the vibration amplitude, fluctuating lift coefficient, and mean drag coefficient are 83.10%, 78.13%, and 28.90%, respectively. These significant reductions are attributed to the elongation and downstream shift of the wake vortices caused by the control rods. Additionally, vortices on the surface of the square cylinder merge with counter-rotating vortices generated on the control rods, reducing both the energy input from the fluid to the system and the vortex shedding intensity. Consequently, a more uniform pressure distribution is formed. Furthermore, suppression of the square cylinder’s peak vibration amplitude, mean drag and fluctuating lift improves as the size of the control rod increases. Proper orthogonal decomposition analysis demonstrates that the first and second modes dominate the flow characteristics, and their conjugacy remains consistent regardless of the presence of control rods.

采用数值模拟方法,探究了控制棒放置于方柱尾流中脉动速度最大的位置附近对其水动力和涡激振动(VIV)的抑制效果。系统研究了5种不同的控制棒尺寸和3种不同的间隙比。Re数固定为100。综合采用时域与频域分析、流场特性分析和本征正交分解法,揭示了控制棒作用下方柱流动特性的内在物理机理。结果表明,布置控制棒能显著改变方柱VIV响应,控制效果与尺寸和间距有关。选择最佳的控制棒参数,振幅、脉动升力、平均阻力的最大降幅可达83.10%、78.13%、28.90%。施加控制棒后,尾流中旋涡拉长并向下游发展,并且方柱表面的涡与控制棒表面产生的反向涡相互融合,使流场对系统输入的能量与旋涡脱强度降低,这是导致方柱振幅减小的主要原因。同时,控制后方柱尾流的压力分布更加均匀。此外,控制棒尺寸越大,对方柱振幅、平均阻力、脉动升力的峰值点抑制效果越好。本征正交分解结果表明,前2阶模态的流场特性具有主导作用,且二者的共轭关系不受控制棒影响。

References:

[1]MARUAI N M, ALI M S M, ISMAIL M H, et al. Flow-induced vibration of a square cylinder and downstream flat plate associated with micro-scale energy harvester[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2018, 175: 264-282.
[2]PARAMESHWARAN R, DHULIPALLA S J, YENDLURI D R. Fluid-structure interactions and flow induced vibrations: A review[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2016, 144: 1286-1293.
[3]GAO W J, TAO T Y, WANG H, et al. Numerical simulation on vortex-induced vibration of an ultra-long-span steel-truss high-speed railway suspension bridge[J]. Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 2025, 55(5): 1444-1451. (in Chinese)
[4]XIANG H Y, CHEN H Y, TIAN X F, et al. Study on allowable magnitude of vertical vortex-induced vibration for long-span suspension bridges considering excitation randomness effects of coupled vehicle-bridge system[J]. Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 2025, 55(5): 1363-1372. (in Chinese)
[5]PARKINSON G V. Wind-induced instability of structures[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1971, 269(1199): 395-413.
[6]PATEL U N, ROTHSTEIN J P, MODARRES-SADEGHI Y. Viscoelasticity in the flow suppresses one- and two-degree-of-freedom vortex-induced vibrations of a cylinder[J]. Physical Review Fluids, 2024, 9(11): 113301.
[7]ZHOU Z Y, FU K, ZHANG K, et al. Analysis of vortex-induced vibration flow field evolution characteristics for Π-shaped beam based on dynamic mode decomposition[J]. Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 2024, 54(4): 827-835. (in Chinese)
[8]WILLIAMSON C H K, GOVARDHAN R. Vortex-induced vibrations [J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 2004, 36(1): 413-455.
[9]KOU J Q, ZHANG W W, LIU Y L, et al. The lowest Reynolds number of vortex-induced vibrations[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2017, 29(4): 041701.
[10]PASTÒ S. Vortex-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder in laminar and turbulent flows[J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2008, 24(7): 977-993.
[11]KATAOKA H. Numerical simulations of a wind-induced vibrating square cylinder within turbulent boundary layer[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2008, 96(10/11): 1985-1997.
[12]SUN W J, ZHOU D, TU J H, et al. Vortex-induced vibrations of a square cylinder under linear shear flow[J]. Fluid Dynamics Research, 2017, 49(2): 025502.
[13]SINGH S P, BISWAS G. Vortex induced vibrations of a square cylinder at subcritical Reynolds numbers[J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2013, 41: 146-155.
[14]HONG K S, SHAH U H. Vortex-induced vibrations and control of marine risers: A review[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2018, 152: 300-315.
[15]WANG C L, TANG H, YU S C M, et al. Active control of vortex-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder using windward-suction-leeward-blowing actuation[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2016, 28(5): 053601.
[16]CHEN W L, LI H, HU H. An experimental study on a suction flow control method to reduce the unsteadiness of the wind loads acting on a circular cylinder[J]. Experiments in Fluids, 2014, 55(4): 1707.
[17]ZENG L W, NEW T H, TANG H. Control of cylinder wake using oscillatory morphing surface[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2024, 36(5): 057144.
[18]WANG C L, TANG H, DUAN F, et al. Control of wakes and vortex-induced vibrations of a single circular cylinder using synthetic jets[J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2016, 60: 160-179.
[19]LI S Q, XIA M H, CAI S X, et al. Flow control of a surface-mounted finite-length square cylinder using synthetic jets [J]. Acta Mechanica Sinica, 2025, 41: 325254.
[20]ZHANG J H, LI B H, PING T H, et al. Effects of single circular synthetic jet on turbulent boundary layer[J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2023, 35(3): 449-466.
[21]LI S Q, LUO Z B, DENG X, et al. Experimental investigation on active control of flow around a finite-length square cylinder using dual synthetic jet[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2021, 210: 104519.
[22]WANG B F, WANG Q, ZHOU Q, et al. Active control of flow past an elliptic cylinder using an artificial neural network trained by deep reinforcement learning[J]. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (English Edition), 2022, 43(12): 1921-1934.
[23]ZENG L W, ZHAO F W, WANG H F, et al. Control of flow-induced vibration of a circular cylinder using a splitter plate[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2023, 35(8): 087104.
[24]SAHU T R, FURQUAN M, JAISWAL Y, et al. Flow-induced vibration of a circular cylinder with rigid splitter plate[J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2019, 89: 244-256.
[25]XIN Z Q, WU Z H, WU C J, et al. Control of vortex-induced vibrations of the cylinder by using split-ter plates immersed in the cylinder wake at low Reynolds number[J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2020, 32(5): 942-952.
[26]ZHAO F W, ZENG L W, WANG Z K, et al. Effects of superhydrophobicity on VIV control of a circular cylinder[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2023, 123(10): 101603.
[27]WANG X J, ZHU Y, YAN H B, et al. The vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder with helical grooves[J]. Engineering Structures, 2025, 327: 119669.
[28]HAO Z Y, SUN C L, LU Y C, et al. Suppression of vortex-induced vibration and phase-averaged analysis of the wake generated by a circular cylinder covered with helical grooves[J]. Fluids, 2022, 7(6): 194.
[29]WANG H F, ZHAO C Y, ZENG L W, et al. Control of the flow around a finite square cylinder with a flexible plate attached at the free end[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2022, 34(2): 027109.
[30]XU L B, LIANG S P, HU Z M, et al. Vortex-induced vibration response of a circular cylinder surrounded with small rods[J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2021, 33(3): 510-519.
[31]ZHAO C Y, WANG H F, LIU Z W, et al. Near-wake structures of a finite square cylinder with a flapping film at its free end[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2023, 35(9): 095102.
[32]ZHU H J, YAO J. Numerical evaluation of passive control of VIV by small control rods[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2015, 51: 93-116.
[33]LU Y, LIAO Y Y, LIU B, et al. Cross-flow vortex-induced vibration reduction of a long flexible cylinder using 3 and 4 control rods with different configurations[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2019, 91: 101900.
[34]SONG Z H, YANG X, LI T, et al. Numerical investigation on VIV of a circular cylinder with multiple small control rods[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2023, 139: 103690.
[35]WU W B, WANG J S. Numerical simulation of VIV for a circular cylinder with a downstream control rod at low Reynolds number[J]. European Journal of Mechanics- B, 2018, 68: 153-166.
[36]MARUYAMA Y, TAMURA T, OKUDA Y, et al. LES of fluctuating wind pressure on a 3D square cylinder for PIV-based inflow turbulence[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2013, 122: 130-137.
[37]EGITMEN H, DIKER İ, OZKAN G M. A novel approach to the control of vortex shedding downstream of a circular cylinder by control rod[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2025, 317: 120010.
[38]LI S Q, WANG K X, CAI S X, et al. Numerical simulation study of vortex-induced vibration suppression for two tandem circular cylinders based on synthetic jets[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2025, 37(9): 097125.
[39]ZHANG H F, ZHOU L, DENG P R, et al. Fluid-structure-coupled Koopman mode analysis of free oscillating twin-cylinders[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2022, 34(9): 093610.
[40]BEARMAN P W. Vortex shedding from oscillating bluff bodies[J]. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 1984, 16: 195-222.
[41]SUN X, SUH C S, YE Z H, et al. Dynamics of a circular cylinder with an attached splitter plate in laminar flow: A transition from vortex-induced vibration to galloping[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2020, 32(2): 027104.
[42]DONG G C, ZENG M Z, HAN Y. Numerical simulation of VIV of a double-steel box girder based on active suction control [J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2023, 42(19), 221-230.
[43]HAN P, DE LANGRE E. There is no critical mass ratio for galloping of a square cylinder under flow[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2022, 931: A27.
[44]LIN C T, ALAM M M. Intrinsic features of flow-induced stability of a square cylinder[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2024, 988: A50.
[45]WILLIAMSON C H K, GOVARDHAN R. A brief review of recent results in vortex-induced vibrations[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2008, 96(6/7): 713-735.
[46]YUE H, ZHANG H F, AI Y F, et al. Three-dimensional instability-inspired wake control on flow past a square cylinder via spanwise-distributed suction[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2025, 337: 121910.
[47]ZHANG C, TANG G Q, LU L, et al. Flow-induced vibration of two tandem square cylinders at low Reynolds number: Transitions among vortex-induced vibration, biased oscillation and galloping[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2024, 986: A10.
[48]ZHOU L, CHENG M, HUNG K C. Suppression of fluid force on a square cylinder by flow control[J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2005, 21(2): 151-167.
[49]ABDI R, REZAZADEH N, ABDI M. Investigation of passive oscillations of flexible splitter plates attached to a circular cylinder[J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2019, 84: 302-317.
[50]ZHU H J, LIU W L. Flow control and vibration response of a circular cylinder attached with a wavy plate[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2020, 212: 107537.
[51]ZHANG H F, ZHOU L, LIU T T, et al. Dynamic mode decomposition analysis of the two-dimensional flow past two transversely in-phase oscillating cylinders in a tandem arrangement[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2022, 34(3): 033602.
[52]WANG H F, CAO H L, ZHOU Y. POD analysis of a finite-length cylinder near wake[J]. Experiments in Fluids, 2014, 55(8): 1790.
[53]SHINDE V. Proper orthogonal decomposition assisted subfilter-scale model of turbulence for large eddy simulation[J]. Physical Review Fluids, 2020, 5: 014605.
[54]LUMLEY J. The structure of inhomogeneous turbulence [J]. Atmospheric Turbulence & Radio Wave Propagation, 1967: 166-178.
[55]MIN G Y, JIANG N B. Data-driven identification and pressure fields prediction for parallel twin cylinders based on POD and DMD method[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2024, 36(2): 023614.
[56]DEEP D, SAHASRANAMAN A, SENTHILKUMAR S. POD analysis of the wake behind a circular cylinder with splitter plate[J]. European Journal of Mechanics- B, 2022, 93: 1-12.
[57]SHI L L, LIU Y Z, WAN J J. Influence of wall proximity on characteristics of wake behind a square cylinder: PIV measurements and POD analysis[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2010, 34(1): 28-36.
[58]GURKA R, LIBERZON A, HETSRONI G. POD of vorticity fields: A method for spatial characterization of coherent structures[J]. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 2006, 27(3): 416-423.
[59]CHANG K C, LIN T H, CHU C C. A study for enhancing accuracy of POD analysis for near wake behind circular cylinder[J]. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2025, 168: 111506.

Memo

Memo:

Received: 2025-12-31; Revised: 2026-03-16.

Biographies: LI Shiqing (1994—), male, doctor, associate research fellow; HU Peng (corresponding author), male, doctor, professor, hupeng@csust.edu.cn.

Foundation items: The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52408506),the Excellent Young Fund of the Education Department of Hunan(No.23B0332),the Hong-Kong-Polytechnic University through Postdoctoral Match Fund Program(No.1-W36W),the Open Fund of National-Local Joint Laboratory of Engineering Technology for Long-term Performance Enhancement of Bridges in Southern District(No.25KE03),the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2024JJ2002).

Citation: LI Shiqing, HU Mengyang, WANG Kangxu, et al. Research on the control effect of control rods on vortex-induced vibration of an upstream square cylinder[J]. Journal of Southeast University (English Edition), 2026, 42(3): 351-365. DOI: 10. 3969/j. issn. 1003-7985. 2026. 03. 008.

Common functions